• December 8, 2024
Learn all about Italy Trade using Italy Trade Data

Table of Contents

Introduction

Italy, known for its rich cultural heritage and historical significance, is also a prominent player on the global trade stage. With a diverse range of exports encompassing machinery, automobiles, fashion, pharmaceuticals, and delectable culinary delights, Italy has established itself as a key contributor to the international trade landscape. Its competitive industries and commitment to quality craftsmanship have earned the country a reputation for excellence, making Italian products highly sought after in markets around the world. In this introduction to Italy’s trade, we will explore its top exports, import partners, trade barriers, and the reasons behind its success as a trading nation.

What does Italy trade the most?

Italy engages in a diverse range of trade, but some of the products that it trades the most include:

  • Machinery and equipment: Italy is known for its machinery and equipment exports, including industrial machinery, engines, and equipment for various industries.
  • Motor vehicles: Italy has a strong automotive industry, with exports of automobiles and automotive components being significant contributors to its trade.
  • Pharmaceuticals: Italy is a major exporter of pharmaceutical products, including medications and medical equipment.
  • Chemicals: Chemical products, such as chemicals used in manufacturing and pharmaceuticals, are also important exports for Italy.
  • Textiles and apparel: Italy is renowned for its fashion and textiles industry, exporting high-quality textiles, clothing, and accessories.
  • Food products: Italian food products, including pasta, wine, olive oil, and cheese, are popular exports worldwide due to their quality and reputation.
  • Furniture and home furnishings: Italy is known for its stylish and well-crafted furniture and home furnishings, which are exported to various countries.
  • Luxury goods: Italy is a global leader in luxury fashion, accessories, and design, with brands like Gucci, Prada, and Versace contributing to the export of luxury goods.

These are some of the key products that Italy trades most frequently, but its trade portfolio is diverse and includes many other items as well.

What is the import-export data of Italy?

Import-export data can change frequently and is typically sourced from government agencies, international organizations, and trade databases.
To obtain the most up-to-date import-export data for Italy, you can refer to official sources such as:

  • ISTAT (Italian National Institute of Statistics): ISTAT provides official statistical data, including trade statistics for Italy.
  • Eurostat: Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union and provides trade data for EU member countries, including Italy.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO offers global trade statistics, including data on Italy’s imports and exports.
  • United Nations Comtrade Database: This database provides detailed international trade data, allowing you to access information on Italy’s trade partners, products, and more.
  • Italian Ministry of Economic Development: This ministry often publishes trade-related reports and data on Italy’s trade activities.
  • Trade Data Pro: This database provides detailed trade data of importers and exporters of Italy and globally.

By visiting these official sources or using international trade data platforms, you can find the most recent and comprehensive import-export data for Italy.

Who is Italy’s biggest trade partners?

Italy’s biggest trade partners can change over time, and it depends on whether you are looking at exports or imports. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, some of Italy’s significant trade partners included:

  • Germany: Germany has traditionally been one of Italy’s most important trading partners, both in terms of imports and exports.
  • France: France is another major trading partner for Italy, particularly in the European Union.
  • United States: The United States is a key trading partner for Italy, with trade in various goods and services.
  • China: China has become increasingly important as a trade partner for Italy, with growing exports and imports.
  • Spain: Spain is a significant trading partner for Italy, especially in sectors like automotive and food products.
  • Switzerland: Italy has substantial trade ties with Switzerland, including trade in machinery, pharmaceuticals, and financial services.
  • United Kingdom: The United Kingdom, despite leaving the EU, maintains trade relations with Italy, primarily in sectors like machinery and automotive.

It’s important to note that trade relationships can change due to economic conditions, political factors, and global events. For the most up-to-date information on Italy’s biggest trade partners, you can refer to official trade statistics and reports from sources like the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) or Trade Data Pro for the latest trade information.

What is the trade profile of Italy?

Italy has a diverse trade profile with strengths in various sectors. Here is an overview of the trade profile of Italy:

  • Manufacturing and Exports: Italy is known for its strong manufacturing sector, particularly in areas such as machinery, automotive, fashion, and design. Italian manufacturing companies produce high-quality goods, and Italian brands are well-regarded worldwide.
  • Automotive Industry: Italy has a significant automotive industry, with well-known brands like Fiat, Ferrari, Lamborghini, and Maserati. It exports both vehicles and automotive components.
  • Fashion and Luxury Goods: Italy is a global leader in fashion and luxury goods. Italian fashion houses and designers are famous for their clothing, accessories, and footwear. Brands like Gucci, Prada, and Versace contribute to Italy’s fashion exports.
  • Machinery and Equipment: Italy exports a wide range of machinery and equipment, including industrial machinery, engines, and equipment used in various industries.
  • Pharmaceuticals: Italy is a major exporter of pharmaceutical products, including medications, medical equipment, and healthcare products.
  • Chemicals: Chemical products, including chemicals used in manufacturing and pharmaceuticals, are important exports for Italy.
  • Food and Wine: Italy is renowned for its food and beverages. Italian food products like pasta, olive oil, wine, and cheese are highly sought after in international markets.
  • Furniture and Home Furnishings: Italy is known for its stylish and high-quality furniture and home furnishings, which are exported to various countries.
  • Design and Luxury: Italian design and craftsmanship are highly regarded. This extends beyond fashion to include furniture, interior design, and luxury goods.
  • Services and Tourism: Italy’s tourism industry is a significant contributor to its trade profile. It attracts tourists from around the world who spend on accommodation, dining, and cultural experiences.
  • Agriculture and Food Production: Italy is a major producer of agricultural products such as wine, pasta, and olive oil. These products are exported to global markets.
  • Energy and Raw Materials: Italy imports energy resources and raw materials to meet its industrial needs.

Overall, Italy’s trade profile is characterized by a mix of manufacturing, agriculture, services, and cultural exports. It is known for producing high-quality and luxurious goods, and it maintains trade relationships with countries within the European Union and beyond. The country’s reputation for quality and style contributes to its competitiveness in global markets.

Why is Italy good for trade?

Italy is considered a favourable country for trade for several reasons:

  • Strategic Location: Italy’s strategic location in Southern Europe makes it a gateway to both European and Mediterranean markets. It serves as a bridge between Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, making it a crucial entry point for trade.
  • Well-Developed Infrastructure: Italy boasts a well-developed transportation and logistics infrastructure, including a network of highways, railways, ports, and airports. This infrastructure facilitates the movement of goods within Italy and across Europe.
  • Strong Manufacturing Sector: Italy has a robust manufacturing sector known for producing high-quality machinery, equipment, automobiles, fashion, and luxury goods. Italian manufacturing companies are often leaders in their respective industries.
  • Skilled Workforce: Italy has a skilled and educated workforce, particularly in sectors such as engineering, design, fashion, and technology. This skilled labor pool contributes to the country’s competitiveness in various industries.
  • Cultural Heritage: Italy’s rich cultural heritage, including its art, history, and cuisine, makes it a unique destination for trade in cultural and luxury products. Italian brands and craftsmanship are highly regarded worldwide.
  • Fashion and Design: Italy is a global center for fashion and design. Milan, in particular, is renowned as a fashion and design hub, attracting buyers and designers from around the world.
  • Tourism: Italy’s tourism industry is a significant contributor to its economy. Tourists visit Italy for its historical sites, cultural experiences, and culinary delights, contributing to the service and hospitality sectors.
  • Innovation and Research: Italy invests in research and development, particularly in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and pharmaceuticals. This commitment to innovation enhances its competitiveness in these sectors.
  • Trade Agreements: Italy is a member of the European Union, which provides access to a large single market. It also benefits from trade agreements between the EU and other countries and regions, facilitating international trade.
  • Diverse Economy: Italy’s diverse economy encompasses various sectors, reducing its dependence on any single industry. This economic diversity adds resilience to the country’s trade activities.
  • Cultural Exports: Italian cultural exports, including art, literature, cinema, and music, contribute to the country’s soft power and attract international consumers and audiences.
  • Quality of Life: Italy offers a high quality of life, which can be attractive to expatriates and international business professionals. This can foster business relationships and trade opportunities.

While Italy offers many advantages for trade, it also faces challenges such as bureaucracy, regulatory complexity, and economic fluctuations. However, its strengths often outweigh these challenges, making it an appealing destination for businesses seeking to engage in international trade.

What are Italy’s top 5 imports?

Italy’s top imports included a diverse range of products to meet its domestic and industrial needs. The top 5 imports are subject to change over time, but historically, they have included:

  1. Machinery and Equipment: Italy imports a wide range of machinery and equipment, including industrial machinery, electrical machinery, computers, and telecommunications equipment.
  2. Mineral Fuels and Oils: Italy imports significant quantities of mineral fuels, including crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas, to meet its energy needs.
  3. Vehicles: Italy imports various types of vehicles, including automobiles, trucks, and other motor vehicles, to meet the demand for both personal and commercial transportation.
  4. Electrical Machinery: Electrical machinery and equipment, such as electrical circuits, semiconductors, and electronic components, are important imports for Italy’s manufacturing and technology sectors.
  5. Pharmaceutical Products: Italy imports pharmaceutical products, including medications, medical equipment, and healthcare-related products, to support its healthcare industry and meet the needs of its population.

It’s important to note that Italy’s import profile can evolve over time based on changes in economic conditions, consumer preferences, and industrial requirements. To obtain the most up-to-date information on Italy’s top imports, you can refer to official trade statistics and reports from sources like the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) or Trade Data Pro.

What are Italy’s top 5 exports?

Italy’s top exports included a diverse range of products, reflecting the country’s strengths in various industries. The top 5 exports historically included:

  1. Machinery: Italy is known for its high-quality machinery and equipment, including industrial machinery, machine tools, and precision instruments. These products are in demand worldwide.
  2. Automobiles and Automotive Parts: Italy is home to several renowned automobile manufacturers, and it exports both vehicles and automotive parts to global markets.
  3. Fashion and Apparel: Italian fashion brands, clothing, and luxury accessories are highly sought after worldwide. Italy’s fashion industry is known for its design, craftsmanship, and quality.
  4. Pharmaceuticals: Italy exports pharmaceutical products, including medications and medical equipment, to various countries. The pharmaceutical industry is a significant contributor to the Italian economy.
  5. Food and Beverages: Italy is famous for its food and beverages, including wine, olive oil, pasta, cheeses, and processed foods. Italian culinary products have a global market presence.

Please note that export profiles can change over time due to shifts in market demand, economic conditions, and other factors. To obtain the most up-to-date information on Italy’s top exports, you can refer to official trade statistics and reports from sources like the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) or Trade Data Pro.

What is the main economy of Italy?

The main economy of Italy is diversified and includes various sectors. Historically, Italy’s economy has been characterized by the following key sectors:

  • Manufacturing: Italy has a strong manufacturing sector, known for producing high-quality goods such as machinery, equipment, vehicles, fashion and apparel, luxury products, and home furnishings. Manufacturing is a significant contributor to the Italian economy and is often associated with quality craftsmanship and design.
  • Agriculture: Agriculture plays a role in Italy’s economy, with the country being a major producer of various agricultural products. Italy is known for its wine, olive oil, pasta, cheeses, and other food items, which are both consumed domestically and exported internationally.
  • Services: The services sector is an essential component of Italy’s economy. This includes services such as finance, tourism, hospitality, retail, and professional services. Italy is a top tourist destination, attracting visitors from around the world who contribute to the service industry.
  • Finance: Italy has a well-developed financial sector, with Milan being a significant financial hub. The city is home to Italy’s stock exchange and numerous banking and financial institutions.
  • Fashion and Luxury Goods: Italy is a global leader in the fashion and luxury goods industry. Italian fashion houses, designers, and luxury brands are renowned for their clothing, accessories, and footwear.
  • Design and Creative Industries: Italy is known for its design and creativity across various industries, including interior design, automotive design, and architecture. Italian design is valued for its aesthetics and innovation.
  • Technology and Innovation: Italy has made investments in research and development, particularly in sectors such as aerospace, automotive, and pharmaceuticals. The country is also home to innovative startups and technology firms.
  • Energy and Infrastructure: Italy has diverse energy sources, including fossil fuels, renewables, and nuclear energy. The country invests in infrastructure development, including transportation and telecommunications networks.

It’s important to note that Italy’s economy is diversified to reduce dependence on any single sector. However, the manufacturing sector, with its emphasis on quality and design, has historically been a significant driver of Italy’s economic growth and global competitiveness. The country’s economy also benefits from its cultural heritage, tourism industry, and global reputation for craftsmanship and creativity.

What are the four trade cities of Italy?

Italy has several cities that are important hubs for trade and commerce. While there are more than four cities that contribute significantly to trade in Italy, the following four are often highlighted as key trade cities due to their historical, economic, and strategic importance:

  • Milan: Milan is Italy’s financial and economic powerhouse. It serves as the country’s financial capital and is home to the Italian stock exchange (Borsa Italiana). Milan is a major center for banking, finance, and international business. It also plays a crucial role in fashion and design, making it a hub for luxury goods and textiles.
  • Turin: Turin, located in the Piedmont region of northern Italy, is known for its industrial and manufacturing prowess. Historically, it has been a center for the automotive industry, with several major automobile manufacturers having their headquarters or production facilities in the region.
  • Venice: Venice has a rich history as a trading city and port. It was a key player in maritime trade during the medieval and Renaissance periods and is famous for its canals and waterborne commerce. While its role in trade has evolved, Venice remains an important cultural and tourist destination.
  • Genoa has a long history as a maritime and trading city. It was a major seafaring republic during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and its port has traditionally been a vital gateway for trade in the Mediterranean. Today, Genoa continues to be an important port city and logistics hub.

These cities, along with others like Rome, Florence, and Naples, contribute significantly to Italy’s economy and trade activities. Italy’s diverse regional economies and industries are spread across the country, making it a dynamic and multifaceted trading nation.

What are the trade barriers in Italy?

Trade barriers in Italy, like in many other countries, can include various regulations, tariffs, and non-tariff measures that affect the flow of goods and services across borders. Some of the trade barriers and challenges that businesses may encounter when trading with Italy include:

  • Tariffs and Customs Duties: Italy, as a member of the European Union (EU), follows the EU’s common customs union rules. However, customs duties and tariffs may still apply to certain imported goods, particularly for products originating from outside the EU. Businesses need to be aware of these tariffs and adhere to customs regulations.
  • Non-Tariff Barriers: Non-tariff barriers, such as import quotas, licensing requirements, and technical standards, can affect trade. Compliance with EU regulations and standards is essential for businesses looking to export to Italy.
  • Regulatory Compliance: Italy has a complex regulatory environment that can pose challenges for businesses. Compliance with Italian and EU regulations regarding product safety, labeling, and environmental standards is crucial.
  • Bureaucracy and Red Tape: Dealing with administrative processes and bureaucratic hurdles can be time-consuming and frustrating for businesses. Navigating the Italian bureaucracy may require patience and local expertise.
  • Taxation: Italy has a complex tax system, and businesses must understand and comply with various taxes, including value-added tax (VAT) and corporate income tax. Tax compliance can be a significant challenge.
  • Intellectual Property Protection: Protecting intellectual property rights in Italy is important, especially for businesses in sectors like fashion, design, and technology. Intellectual property infringement can be a concern.
  • Language and Cultural Differences: Language barriers and cultural differences can affect business relationships and negotiations. Understanding Italian business culture and etiquette is important for successful trade.
  • Logistics and Infrastructure: While Italy has well-developed transportation infrastructure, there can be logistical challenges in certain regions. Traffic congestion and delays at ports can impact the movement of goods.
  • Competition: Italy’s domestic market can be highly competitive, and businesses may face competition from well-established local companies.
  • Economic Conditions: Economic conditions in Italy, including factors such as exchange rates, inflation, and consumer demand, can influence trade dynamics.

It’s important for businesses to conduct thorough research, seek legal and regulatory advice, and consider working with local partners or intermediaries to navigate these trade barriers effectively. Additionally, staying informed about changes in regulations and market conditions is essential for successful trade with Italy.

What country does Italy export to the most?

Germany was one of the countries that Italy exported the most to within the European Union. Germany and France have traditionally been among Italy’s top export destinations due to their proximity, economic ties, and strong trading relationships within the EU. Germany and Italy are important trading partners within the European Union, and they engage in a significant amount of trade with each other. Germany imports various products and goods from Italy. Some of the key categories of products that Germany imports from Italy include:

  • Machinery and Equipment: Germany imports machinery and equipment from Italy, including industrial machinery, machine tools, and precision instruments. Italian machinery is valued for its quality and precision.
  • Automobiles and Automotive Parts: Italy is home to several automobile manufacturers, and Germany imports both finished vehicles and automotive components from Italian companies.
  • Fashion and Apparel: Italian fashion brands, clothing, and luxury accessories are popular in Germany. German consumers appreciate Italian fashion for its design and quality.
  • Pharmaceuticals: Germany imports pharmaceutical products from Italy, including medications and medical equipment. The pharmaceutical industry is a significant contributor to Italy’s exports.
  • Food and Beverages: Italy is known for its food and beverage products, including wine, olive oil, pasta, and various culinary items. German consumers have a taste for Italian food products, making them a significant import category.
  • Chemicals and Plastics: Germany imports various chemical products and plastics from Italy, including chemicals used in manufacturing and plastic materials.
  • Electronics and Electrical Equipment: Italian companies export electronics and electrical equipment to Germany, including components and consumer electronics.
  • Furniture and Home Furnishings: Italy’s furniture and home furnishings industry produces high-quality and stylish furniture items that are imported by Germany.
    – Metals and Metal Products: Germany imports metals and metal products from Italy, including steel and aluminium.
  • Textiles and Textile Products: Italian textiles and textile products, including fabrics and clothing, are among the imports that Germany receives from Italy.

However, Italy’s specific export destinations can vary over time and may be influenced by factors such as economic conditions, market demand, and changes in trade agreements. To obtain the most up-to-date information on Italy’s top export destinations, you can refer to official trade statistics and reports from sources like the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) or Trade Data Pro. These sources will provide the latest data on Italy’s exports by country.

Is Italy a net exporter or importer?

Italy was a net exporter of goods and services, meaning that it exported more than it imported. However, it’s important to note that the trade balance of a country can fluctuate over time due to changes in economic conditions, trade agreements, and other factors.

Italy’s export strengths in areas like machinery, automotive, fashion, and food products have contributed to its positive trade balance. However, specific trade balances can vary from year to year, and it’s advisable to refer to the latest trade statistics and reports to determine Italy’s current trade position. Factors such as changes in global demand, currency exchange rates, and economic developments can influence a country’s trade balance.

Does Italy rely on imports?

Italy relies on imports to meet its domestic and industrial needs. Like many countries, Italy imports a wide range of goods and services to supplement its domestic production and to fulfil consumer demand. Some of the reasons Italy relies on imports include:

  • Diverse Consumer Needs: Italy imports products that are not produced domestically or are not produced in sufficient quantities to meet the diverse needs of its population. This includes items like electronics, certain industrial machinery, and various consumer goods.
  • Energy Imports: Italy imports significant amounts of energy resources, including crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas, to meet its energy requirements. The country does not produce enough energy domestically to meet its consumption.
  • Raw Materials: Italy imports raw materials and minerals that are used in its manufacturing and industrial processes. These imports support its various industries, including automotive, machinery, and pharmaceuticals.
  • Specialized Products: Italy imports specialized products and components that are essential for certain industries. For example, the automotive industry relies on imported components for vehicle manufacturing.
  • Consumer Preferences: Italy’s consumers have preferences for a wide range of imported goods, including luxury items, fashion, electronics, and foods. Imports help satisfy these preferences and cater to a diverse consumer base.
  • Global Trade: Italy is an active participant in global trade and values international economic cooperation. Imports are an integral part of its trade relationships with other countries.

While Italy relies on imports, it also exports a significant amount of goods and services to international markets, contributing to its trade balance. The combination of imports and exports makes Italy an integral player in the global economy and international trade.

Does Italy rely on exports?

Italy relies on exports as an important driver of its economy. Exporting goods and services to international markets is a significant component of Italy’s economic activity, and it plays a crucial role in supporting the country’s economic growth and job creation. Several factors contribute to Italy’s reliance on exports:

  • Export-Oriented Industries: Italy has a strong presence in export-oriented industries such as machinery, automotive manufacturing, fashion and apparel, pharmaceuticals, and food products. These industries produce goods that are in demand worldwide, and exports are a key avenue for them to reach global markets.
  • Economic Competitiveness: Italy’s manufacturing and design capabilities have made its products highly competitive in international markets. Italian goods are often associated with quality, craftsmanship, and design, which contributes to their appeal to consumers worldwide.
  • Globalization: Italy actively participates in the global economy and is integrated into international supply chains. This globalization has facilitated trade relationships and the export of Italian products to various countries.
  • Market Diversification: Italy’s exports are diversified across different regions and countries, reducing dependence on a single market. This diversification helps mitigate economic risks associated with fluctuations in demand from specific trading partners.
  • EU Membership: As a member of the European Union (EU), Italy benefits from access to the EU’s single market, which is one of the largest in the world. This allows Italian businesses to export their products and services to other EU member states without customs barriers.
  • Innovation and Research: Italy invests in research and development, leading to innovation in various industries. Innovative products and technologies are often exported to global markets.

While Italy relies on exports, it also imports goods and services to meet domestic and industrial needs. The combination of exports and imports contributes to Italy’s active participation in global trade and its role as one of the world’s leading trading nations. The balance between exports and imports can impact Italy’s trade balance and economic stability, and it may vary from year to year based on economic conditions and global demand.

PS: Read this blog post to learn about how to leverage Import & Export Data in Trade.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Italy’s trade is a dynamic and integral part of its economy, driven by its strengths in various industries and a commitment to quality and innovation. As businesses and individuals seek to navigate the complexities of international trade, having access to comprehensive and up-to-date trade data becomes crucial.

If you’re looking to harness the power of trade data for informed decision-making, we invite you to explore Trade Data Pro. With Trade Data Pro, you can gain valuable insights into global trade trends, market opportunities, and competitive analysis. Whether you’re a business looking to expand your reach, a researcher exploring market dynamics, or a professional seeking to optimize your trade strategies, Trade Data Pro provides the tools and information you need.

Don’t miss out on the opportunity to make informed trade decisions and stay ahead in the competitive world of international commerce. Take the next step and discover the benefits of Trade Data Pro today. Your journey to data-driven trade success begins here.

Your Trusted Source for Trade Data: TradeData.Pro.

Trade Data Pro stands as a beacon of reliability in the sphere of trade data, originating from the economically robust and politically stable environment of Singapore. This esteemed platform is a brainchild of the Commodities Intelligence Centre, a notable government-linked entity and a synergistic joint venture involving Zall Smartcom, Singapore Exchange (SGX), and Global eTrade Services (GeTS). Since making its debut in 2018, Trade Data Pro has garnered acclaim for its expansive coverage, cost-effectiveness, and swift response time, earning prestigious accolades such as the Singapore Quality Class (2020), Stevie Award Gold (2021), Crozdesk 2023 Happiest Users Award, 2023 Slashdot Top Performer, and 2023 Source Forge Top Performer.

With widespread recognition, Trade Data Pro has been spotlighted in numerous reputed news outlets, including Bloomberg, Business Times, MarTech Series, ACN News, and more, further cementing its status as a reputable source in the industry. User satisfaction remains paramount, reflected by stellar average ratings of 5 stars on leading review platforms like SourceForge, Capterra, G2, and others. This unanimous user acclaim speaks volumes about the platform’s unyielding commitment to quality and customer satisfaction.

In a world where procuring pivotal data for unmasking trends, pinpointing market openings, keeping tabs on the competitive landscape, and comprehending supply chain potential has traditionally been daunting, Trade Data Pro simplifies this endeavour. The platform meticulously collates and curates shipment data mandated by governmental import-export filings, presenting it as actionable business intelligence. This treasure trove of information facilitates a crystal-clear understanding of goods movement across international borders and is encapsulated within the largest searchable trade database globally available.

For businesses eyeing the vibrant Vietnamese industry, TradeData.Pro offers up-to-the-date data. Engage with our intuitive platform to discover products that align with your interest by exploring our trade database demo: Vietnam Import Export Data. For historical insights into penetrating new markets, kindly visit our Trade Database Demo.

For a dynamic understanding of our platform’s operations, view the video linked below or visit YouTube. With Trade Data Pro, you’re not just accessing data; you’re unlocking a gateway to informed, strategic global trade decisions.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *