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Concerns regarding the security of the world’s energy and food supplies have been raised as a result of war-related disruptions to the production and trading of energy and agri-food commodities.
Similar to Ukraine, Russia is a major supplier of agricultural products to the rest of the world. This section starts by reviewing recent changes in trade flows out of war-affected regions since the start of the conflict. Marine freight data and gas flow statistics, which offer a more timely assessment of recent events than customs trade data, are used to follow the flows of energy and agri-food commodities.
The next section of the box looks at how Russia’s imports have changed since the war began. To estimate Russia’s imports, the box looks upon customs data on the exports of a number of Russia’s trading partners after Russia stopped disclosing official customs trade data as of the end of February 2022. Finally, a preliminary empirical evaluation of the impacts of sanctions on Russia’s trade flows is made using these data.
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Due to historically significant discounts and some flow redirection to major Asian nations, Russia marine oil export volume has nearly reached pre-invasion levels.
Weekly oil exports from Russia decreased (-15%) at the end of March 2022 compared to the same period the previous year due to war-related disruptions and the voluntarily departure of some energy businesses and maritime merchants. The European Union (-35%), and the United States (-60%), had the most severe declines. Russian oil (Ural grade) is currently being sold at a substantial discount to Brent (-30%) after the price collapsed at the beginning of the war.
As a result, although having dropped slightly in June, oil flows in the first week of July were roughly at their average level for 2021, despite some fluctuation. At the end of June, Russia’s share of China’s and India’s total oil imports grew to 11% and 14%, respectively, from 6% and 2% before to the war. While the EU reduced oil imports and increased its sourcing of oil from the Americas and Africa, seaborne exports to the United States and the United Kingdom ceased quickly after the start of the war as both countries outlawed oil imports from Russia.
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In the final week of June 2022, Russia gas exports to the EU were 35% of what they had been the previous year, a considerable decrease.
In light of the tensions with Ukraine at the beginning of the year, Russian gas pipeline shipments across central and eastern Europe significantly decreased. The gas flows to Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, and Poland were recently completely stopped, and Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, and Slovakia experienced voluntary reductions in or partial cuts to their gas supplies. Since the beginning of the war, they have remained volatile.
As a result, the overall volume of gas imported by the EU from Russia in the final week of June decreased by 65% when compared to the prior year. Increased LNG imports and non-Russian pipeline gas imports somewhat offset the loss, but issues with the EU’s gas supply still exist as of early July, when the amount of gas storage in the EU fell below the average for the years 2015 to 20. From the Russian side, gas is being sent through pipes to Asia.
At the beginning of the invasion, Russia seaborne shipments of agricultural goods decreased, and those from Ukraine have stopped.
Together, Russia and Ukraine exported 24% of the world’s wheat and 14% of the world’s maize in 2021. Since the start of the conflict, Russia’s seaborne exports of wheat have fluctuated significantly. This is due to disruptions in the logistics of transportation, as well as a Russian response that temporarily restricted some of its own exports of agri-food products to former Soviet states in the Eurasian Economic Union in order to protect the food security of the Russian Federation.
At the end of June, Russia’s weekly seaborne wheat exports were 40% lower than they had been the previous year due to increased shipments to Egypt and Turkey. Grain exports from Ukraine had previously stopped due to the total blockade of Black Sea ports, which exacerbated worries about global food security. However, Ukraine and Russia have agreed to establish up a system of safe passage for grain imports from Ukrainian ports, which should greatly alleviate the worries of developing market nations about food security. This will assist to lessen the ensuing global pressure.
Given their limited capacity to diversify suppliers in the short term, countries who are most dependent on Russia and Ukrainian food exports may face threats to their food security.
There is some variation across nations and regions in terms of their exposure to imports from Russia and Ukraine, according to the available nominal customs trade data on worldwide imports of agri-food goods (fertilisers, soybean, maize, and wheat). Emerging market economies are among those most reliant on Russia and Ukraine for their grain supplies, particularly those in central Asia and Africa.
A larger import exposure tends to be linked to a high concentration of exporters, according to an index of export market diversification, therefore these nations’ ability to identify substitute suppliers may be constrained in the short term. The newly imposed prohibition on wheat exports from India, the second-largest wheat grower in the world, may make the already precarious condition of the world’s food supply worse. The Indian embargo raises global wheat prices to an all-time high even if it has little impact on imports into the eurozone.
Since the commencement of the war, Russia has imported much less goods overall, particularly from nations that have imposed sanctions.
Exports to Russia have decreased dramatically from levels in 2021, according to customs data, as Russia’s trade has been hampered by the negative macroeconomic and transport-related effects of the war. Although exports from non-sanctioning nations continue to be below their levels from 2021 (for example, -23% in the case of China), the contraction is most acute for the countries applying sanctions (-85% for the United States and 45% for the euro area compared with the level as of May 2022).
Exports of items susceptible to sanctions (such as machinery and transportation equipment) to Russia are the main cause of the euro area’s total export decline.
The EU has imposed six sets of sanctions against Russia since its invasion of Ukraine, including trade bans, travel bans, and restrictions on the media, transportation, and financial sectors. Initial trade sanctions were directed at products and services that support Russia’s military, transportation, and technical advancement. More recent limitations concentrate on luxury goods (both imported and exported), as well as other imported products like coal and oil that bring in money for Russia. Equipment for transportation and machinery make up the majority of the overall decline in trade between the euro region and Russia.
According to an empirical research, the first round of sanctions in March 2022 resulted in a 15% decrease in Russian imports, with sanctioned goods suffering the brunt of the impact.
In March 2022, compared to the month before when sanctions were not in effect, Russian imports from sanctioning countries were 20 percentage points lower than those from non-sanctioning countries, according to an empirical analysis using a difference-in-differences approach and 59 Russian trading partner countries covering about 86% of all Russian imports in 2021. According to a breakdown across a few different product categories, Russia’s relative access to items like machinery, cars, and mechanical appliances that are necessary for the production of military weapons was severely restricted. Overall, this reflects a 15% decrease in all Russian imports in March as a result of the initial round of sanctions.
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[…] local demand. For more info on Russia’s imports and exports, we have gathered the country’s trade flows in […]